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English to Indonesian: Cultural Life of Indonesia General field: Other Detailed field: Other
Source text - English Cultural Life of Indonesia
Cultural milieu
Indonesia exhibits a rich diversity of cultural practices and products. The remote interior regions of Sumatra, Kalimantan, and western New Guinea feature ritualized speech and local epic narrative traditions, while in Java and Bali the visual and performing arts are heavily influenced by the Hindu epics Mahabharata and Ramayana. In the cities, the mellifluous calls to prayer radiating from mosques, many of which display a markedly Muslim architectural style, coexist with the flashing lights and vibrant sounds of urban popular culture. These are just a few examples of Indonesia’s truly complex heritage.
The aura of long-gone Hindu-Buddhist empires lingers in many parts of Indonesia, particularly in Java, Sumatra, and Bali. From the 8th through the 10th century CE, extensive temple complexes (candi) were built in central Java. Most of these were buried or in ruins, but the government has actively engaged in their restoration. The remains of the first of the great central Javanese monuments, the Shaivite temple of the Diyeng (Dieng) Plateau, date to the early 8th century. The Shailendra dynasty, which ruled Java and Sumatra (8th–9th centuries), built the great Mahayana Buddhist monuments, including that of Borobudur. Late in the 9th century the kings of Mataram built the Hindu monuments around Prambanan. Commonly called Prambanan Temple, the complex consists of six main temples; the three large ones along the west, dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma, contain fine statues. Of the three smaller temples along the east, the middle one contains a statue of Nandi, the bull of Shiva. The main temples are heavily ornamented with stone carvings of the gods and other heavenly beings, and there is a series of relief panels depicting the Ramayana.
Borobudur, designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1991, is one of the finest Buddhist monuments in the world. It stands on a hill about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Yogyakarta and rises to a height of approximately 115 feet (35 metres) from its square base, which measures 403 feet (123 metres) on each side. The monument consists of a lower structure of six square terraces (including its base) and an upper structure of three circular terraces, combining the ancient symbols of the circle for the heavens and the square for the earth. In the centre of each side of the square terraces is a staircase leading to the next level. The inner wall on each level has niches containing statues of Buddha. Bas-reliefs covering the inner walls and the balustrades depict stories from Buddhist teachings; many of the images symbolize phases of human life, moving from the sensual stage at the lower level to the spiritual stage at the top. The circular terraces are not decorated but contain 72 bell-shaped stupas, each housing a statue of Buddha. In the centre of the upper terrace is the main stupa, which stands 23 feet (7 metres) high. It contains no statues, other visual images, or relics of any kind.
Between the 10th and 16th centuries, the centre of power in the archipelago shifted to eastern Java, and Buddhism merged with Hinduism, which later gave way to Islam. Literature in old Javanese (kawi) flourished during this period, and a number of large temple complexes were constructed, none of which, however, approached the grandeur of Borobudur or Prambanan. The most imposing complex is Panataran Temple near Blitar, which was constructed at the peak of the Majapahit empire in the 14th century. With the ascendancy of Islam through the 15th and 16th centuries, the temples fell into ruins, and Hindu culture shifted to Bali, where it remains today.
Translation - Indonesian Kehidupan Budaya Indonesia
Lingkungan budaya
Indonesia menampilkan suatu keragaman praktik dan produk budaya yang kaya. Daerah-daerah pedalaman terpencil di Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan Papua bagian barat menonjolkan tradisi-tradisi pidato ritual dan narasi epik lokal, sedangkan di Jawa dan Bali seni visual dan pertunjukan sangat dipengaruhi oleh epos Hindu Mahabharata dan Ramayana. Di kota-kota, adzan yang menenangkan terpancar dari masjid-masjid, yang banyak di antaranya menampilkan gaya arsitektur Muslim yang mencolok, berdampingan dengan lampu yang berkedip-kedip dan suara-suara yang hidup dari budaya populer perkotaan. Ini hanyalah beberapa contoh warisan budaya Indonesia yang benar-benar kompleks.
Aura kerajaan Hindu-Budha yang telah lama berlalu masih melekat di banyak daerah di Indonesia, khususnya di Jawa, Sumatera, dan Bali. Dari abad ke-8 sampai abad ke-10 M, kompleks candi yang luas telah dibangun di Jawa Tengah. Sebagian besar darinya terkubur atau hancur, tetapi pemerintah aktif melakukan pemulihannya. Sisa-sisa monumen besar Jawa Tengah yang pertama, candi Shaivite di Dataran Tinggi Diyeng (Dieng), berasal dari awal abad ke-8. Dinasti Shailendra, yang menguasai Jawa dan Sumatra (abad ke-8 hingga ke-9), membangun monumen Budha Mahayana yang agung, termasuk Borobudur. Pada akhir abad ke-9 raja-raja Mataram membangun monumen Hindu di sekitar Prambanan. Biasa disebut Candi Prambanan, kompleks ini terdiri dari enam candi utama; tiga yang besar di sebelah barat, yang didedikasikan untuk Siwa, Wisnu, dan Brahma, berisi arca-arca yang bagus. Dari tiga candi kecil di sebelah timur, candi tengah berisi patung Nandi, lembunya Siwa. Candi utama amat sangat dihiasi dengan ukiran batu para dewa dan para makhluk surgawi lainnya, dan ada serangkaian panel relief yang menggambarkan Ramayana.
Borobudur, yang ditetapkan sebagai situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO pada tahun 1991, adalah salah satu monumen Budha terbaik di dunia. Itu berdiri di atas bukit sekitar 20 mil (32 km) barat laut Yogyakarta dan menjulang ke ketinggian sekitar 115 kaki (35 meter) dari dasar bujur sangkarnya, yang berukuran 403 kaki (123 meter) di setiap sisinya. Monumen ini terdiri dari struktur bawah enam teras bujur sangkar (termasuk alasnya) dan struktur atas tiga teras melingkar, yang menggabungkan simbol-simbol kuno lingkaran untuk langit dan bujur sangkar untuk bumi. Di tengah setiap sisi teras persegi ada tangga menuju ke tingkat berikutnya. Dinding bagian dalam di setiap tingkat memiliki relung berisi arca Buddha. Relief-relief yang menutupi dinding bagian dalam dan langkan menggambarkan cerita-cerita dari ajaran Budha; banyak gambar yang melambangkan fase kehidupan manusia, bergerak dari tahap sensual di tingkat bawah ke tahap spiritual di puncak. Teras melingkar tidak dihiasi tetapi berisi 72 stupa berbentuk lonceng, masing-masing berisi patung Buddha. Di tengah-tengah teras atas ada stupa utama, yang tingginya mencapai 7 meter. Itu tidak berisi patung, gambar visual lainnya, atau relik apapun.
Antara abad 10 dan 16, pusat kekuasaan di kepulauan itu bergeser ke bagian timur Jawa, dan agama Budha bergabung dengan Hindu, yang kemudian digantikan Islam. Sastra dalam bahasa Jawa kuno (kawi) berkembang subur selama periode ini, dan sejumlah kompleks candi besar dibangun, namun tidak ada yang mendekati kemegahan Borobudur atau Prambanan. Kompleks yang paling megah adalah Candi Panataran dekat Blitar, yang dibangun pada puncak kerajaan Majapahit pada abad ke-14. Dengan naiknya Islam selama abad ke-15 dan ke-16, candi-candi itu runtuh, dan budaya Hindu bergeser ke Bali, di mana itu masih ada sampai sekarang.
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I am a passionate, conscientious and diligent worker, experienced in some office works, social projects and all methods of translations; a guitarist who believes that everything is going to be alright and has started experiencing it.
Keywords: English, Indonesian, translation, transcription, editing, subtitles, proofreading, office works
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