"Emergent meaning" is a common term in linguistics and psychology, as well as computer science, and I think it's what they're referring to here. "Emergent" here has its philosophical meaning:

"In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have. These properties come about because of interactions among the parts."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence

So emergent phenomena are those that arise from an interaction; they are not properties of the inputs. Emergent meaning is meaning that emerges from the interaction of something with its context. In this case, it refers to what teaching methods come to mean when the teachers interact with the students. The emergent meaning of the "didáctica de las matemáticas" in the Amazon region is "el afecto pedagógico en la enseñanza" (I'm not quite clear what that is, but it seems to mean the teaching and learning experience that takes place in emotional terms). That's why it goes on to define it as interaction: "un proceso por el cual dos o más personas realizan una interacción social".

"Emergent meaning in affective space: Congruent conceptual relations and spatial relations produce positive evaluations"
https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/239305

" I analyze gestural, perceptual, and verbal information gathered using videotaped interviews and classroom interactions. I use conceptual blending to describe how different elements combine to create new, emergent meaning for the students and compare this to a knowledge-in-pieces approach."
https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.0216

"El aprendizaje significativo ocurre a través de una interacción de la nueva información con las ideas pertinentes que existen en la estructura cognoscitiva. [...] Aquí muy vale la aclaración del término asimilación, el cual lo entendemos como la pérdida de la identidad original del significado potencial, el enlace del nuevo significado emergente con su idea de anclaje para su almacenamiento y también el posterior proceso de reducción. Es decir, que la unión del nuevo significado modificado con su idea de anclaje durante el intervalo de almacenamiento (de retención) supone necesariamente que, en el proceso del aprendizaje significativo, la idea potencialmente significativa primero se relaciona e interacciona con esa idea preestablecida para producir la versión emergente inicial de su significado psicológico para el estudiante."
http://repositorio.uasb.edu.ec/bitstream/10644/1080/1/T-0648...

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Note added at 1 day 2 hrs (2018-05-06 06:09:30 GMT)
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When writers uses expressions of this kind, they are often invoking the theory that lies behind them, and I think that's the case here, so in my view this exact term should be used and it should not be paraphrased. This apparently comes from a research study, and "emergent meaning" is an important part of the intellectual context in which the findings are being interpreted. It is assumed that the reader will understand the implications.

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Note added at 1 day 4 hrs (2018-05-06 08:31:19 GMT)
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I should add that if it refers to the concept of emergence, as defined above — and I am sure it does — then the adjective must be "emergent"; it cannot be replaced with "emerging", which simply means coming into existence/in the process of appearing.