English to Spanish Science Science (general) biochemistry

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Beginning with heated greenhouses, a variety of instruments, facilities, and programs gave plant physiologists increasing degrees of control over the growing environment of plants since the late-nineteenth century: one corner of the laboratory revolution sweeping science (de Chadarevian, 1996). “The use of equipment where external conditions can be controlled in physiological studies is as old as plant physiology itself,” noted the Dutch plant physiologist Theodore Alberda as he surveyed the field in the late 1960s (Alberda, 1970, p. 591). Historians of biology are aware of one famous early controlled environment laboratory, the Vivarium that opened in 1903 in Vienna. As Deborah Coen explored, the Vivarium's founders, Hans and Karl Przibram, aimed at the “mastery of the environment.” Their laboratory served to concretize their belief that “precision would soon be the driving force in biology” akin to the physical sciences (Coen, 2006, p. 498). Subsequently, many facilities for controlling environments in biological experimentation appeared in guises such as Herman Spoehr's rudimentary constant-temperature chambers built at the Carnegie Institution's department of plant biology in the 1930s (Craig, 2005, pp. 62–63).2 By the mid-1950s, a variety of chambers, rooms, and facilities to control some array of climatic factors had spread throughout the plant sciences. Otto Frankel, chief of Australia's major plant research group, the Division of Plant Industry, observed on his grand tour through the United States that “controlled environment facilities are now, at least to some degree, part and parcel of every of every botanical institution.”3

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