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English to Portuguese: From wikipedia: Informal economy General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Economics
Source text - English An informal economy is the set of economic activities operating as to partially avoid being taxed or regulated, in contrast to a formal economy. The informal economy is thus not included in that government's gross national product (GNP). Although the informal economy is often associated with developing countries, all economic systems contain an informal economy in some proportion.
Informal economic activity is a dynamic process that includes many aspects of economic and social theory including exchange, regulation, and enforcement. By its nature, it is necessarily difficult to observe, study, define, and measure. No single source readily or authoritatively defines informal economy as a unit of study.
The terms "underground", "under the table" and "off the books" typically refer to this type of economy. The term black market refers to a specific subset of the informal economy. The term "informal sector" was used in many earlier studies, and has been mostly replaced in more recent studies which use the newer term.
The informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries but it is often stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However, the informal sector provides critical economic opportunities for the poor and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s. As such, integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy
Translation - Portuguese Uma economia informal é formada por um grupo de atividades que operam de forma a evitar parcialmente serem taxadas ou reguladas, em oposição ao que ocorre em uma economia formal. Desta forma, a economia informal não é incluída no produto nacional bruto (PNB) do governo. Apesar de a economia informal estar frequentemente associada aos países em desenvolvimento, todos os sistemas econômicos possuem, em alguma medida, uma economia informal.
A atividade econômica informal é um processo dinâmico que inclui vários aspectos da teoria econômica e social, incluindo troca, regulação e execução. Por sua natureza, é realmente difícil observá-la, estudá-la, defini-la e mensurá-la. Não há uma única fonte que, prontamente e com autoridade, defina a economia informal como uma unidade de estudo.
Os termos "clandestina", "secreta" e "à margem da lei" referem-se tipicamente a este tipo de economia. O termo mercado negro refere-se a um sub-grupo específico da economia informal. O termo "setor informal" foi usado em muitos estudos iniciais, e tem sido substituído em estudos recentes pela expressão mais nova.
O setor informal forma uma porção significativa das economias em países em desenvolvimento, mas é frequentemente estigmatizado como problemático e não-gerenciável. No entanto, o setor informal oferece oportunidades econômicas importantes para os pobres, e tem se expandido rapidamente desde os anos 1960. Sendo assim, integrar a economia informal ao setor formal é um desafio de política importante.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy
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Translation education
Master's degree - Universidade de Brasília
Experience
Years of experience: 7. Registered at ProZ.com: Jun 2022.
English to Portuguese (Universidade de Brasília - Departamento de Línguas Estrangeiras e Tradução)
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Adobe Acrobat, Crowdin, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Smartcat, Trados Online Editor
Bio
Experience with volunteer translation of texts on economics and finance. Proofreader in an academic journal. Master’s and Ph.D. student in Translation Studies, bachelor’s in Economics and in English Literature and Linguistics. Have worked in the financial market for 15 years in the tax area, compliance, and risk management.
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