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English to Portuguese - Rates: 0.04 - 0.05 USD per word / 12 - 17 USD per hour Spanish to Portuguese - Rates: 0.04 - 0.05 USD per word / 12 - 17 USD per hour
English to Portuguese: Scientists create glowing plants using mushroom genes General field: Science
Source text - English Emitting an eerie green glow, they look like foliage from a retro computer game, but in fact they are light-emitting plants produced in a laboratory.
Researchers say the glowing greenery could not only add an unusual dimension to home decor but also open up a fresh way for scientists to explore the inner workings of plants.
“In the future this technology can be used to visualise activities of different hormones inside the plants over the lifetime of the plant in different tissues, absolutely non-invasively. It can also be used to monitor plant responses to various stresses and changes in the environment, such as drought or wounding by herbivores,” said Dr Karen Sarkisyan, the CEO of Planta, the startup that led the work, and a researcher at Imperial College London.
“We really hope to bring this to the market in a few years from now, once we make them a bit brighter, once we make the ornamental plants with this new technology, and once of course they pass all the existing safety regulations,” he added.
Numerous animals, microbes and mushrooms – from fireflies to honey fungi – can glow, a phenomenon known as bioluminescence. This occurs when enzymes act on chemicals known as luciferins within the organism, resulting in energy being released in the form of light. However, bioluminescence does not crop up naturally among plants.
The latest research is not the first time scientists have created glowing greenery – a development that has led to suggestions of everything from plant-based street lights to self-illuminating Christmas trees. Among previous approaches, researchers have delivered both luciferins and the enzymes necessary for bioluminescence into plants via nanoparticles, while other teams have incorporated bacterial genes for bioluminescence into plants.
However, these approaches have had drawbacks: the delivery of a luciferin on tiny particles is more expensive and is not self-sustained, while the incorporation of bacterial bioluminescence genes involves a cumbersome process that results in only a weak glow. What’s more, said Sarkisyan, the latter approach appears to be toxic to plants.
The new research takes a different tack, harnessing the recently discovered process by which fungi emit light. The team say that is important as the process involves a luciferin produced from a chemical that is naturally present in plants – caffeic acid.
The upshot is plants that glow with a greenish hue visible to the naked eye. “They glow both in the dark and in the daylight,” said Sarkisyan, adding that the light appeared to be 10 times brighter than that produced by using bacterial genes.
The team found the site of the luminescence changed as the plants grew, and luminescence generally decreased as leaves aged and increased where leaves became damaged. Flowers produced the most luminescence, the team report.
Sarkisyan said that in the future the team could insert the fungal genes into the plant’s DNA near genes that were activated by certain hormones. “You should be able to see the light coming only from the tissues where the hormone is currently active,” he said.
Gary Foster, a professor in molecular plant pathology at the University of Bristol, who was not involved in the research, said the glowing plants would mainly be used by scientists rather than for applications such as plant-based street lights, but were nonetheless welcome.
“Many luminescent marker genes have up until now required special light sources and/or cameras to visualise the location of expression. The system reported here will make that process easier,” he said.
Source: www.theguardian.com
Translation - Portuguese Emitindo um brilho verde misterioso, parecem folhagens de um jogo de computador retrô, mas na verdade são plantas emissoras de luz produzidas em laboratório.
Os pesquisadores dizem que a vegetação brilhante não só pode adicionar uma dimensão incomum à decoração da casa, mas também abrir uma nova maneira para os cientistas explorarem o funcionamento interno das plantas.
"No futuro, essa tecnologia poderá ser usada para visualizar atividades de diferentes hormônios dentro das plantas ao longo de sua vida útil em diferentes tecidos, de maneira absolutamente não invasiva. Também pode ser usado para monitorar as respostas das plantas a vários estresses e mudanças no ambiente, como as secas, ou feridas por herbívoros" disse Karen Sarkisyan, CEO da Planta, a startup que liderou o trabalho, e pesquisadora do Imperial College London.
"Realmente esperamos trazer isso para o mercado daqui a alguns anos, assim que as tornarmos um pouco mais brilhantes, fabricarmos plantas ornamentais com essa nova tecnologia e, claro, assim que elas cumprirem todas as normas de segurança existentes", ele adicionado.
Numerosos animais, micróbios e cogumelos - de vaga-lumes a fungos de mel - podem brilhar, um fenômeno conhecido como bioluminescência. Isso ocorre quando as enzimas agem sobre substâncias químicas conhecidas como luciferinas dentro do organismo, resultando na liberação de energia na forma de luz. No entanto, a bioluminescência não surge naturalmente entre as plantas.
Nessa pesquisa mais recente não é a primeira vez que os cientistas criam uma vegetação brilhante - um desenvolvimento que levou a sugestões de tudo, desde luzes de rua à base de plantas até árvores de Natal com iluminação própria. Entre as abordagens anteriores, os pesquisadores forneceram luciferinas e as enzimas necessárias para a bioluminescência nas plantas via nanopartículas, enquanto outras equipes incorporaram genes bacterianos da bioluminescência nas plantas.
No entanto, essas abordagens tiveram desvantagens: o fornecimento de luciferina em pequenas partículas é mais cara e não é auto-sustentada, enquanto a incorporação de genes de bioluminescência bacteriana envolve um processo complicado que resulta apenas em um brilho fraco. Além disso, disse Sarkisyan, a última abordagem parece ser tóxica para as plantas.
A nova pesquisa adota uma abordagem diferente aproveitando o processo recentemente descoberto pelo qual os fungos emitem luz. A equipe diz que isso é importante, pois o processo envolve uma luciferina produzida a partir de um produto químico que está naturalmente presente nas plantas - o ácido cafeico.
O resultado são as plantas que brilham com uma tonalidade esverdeada visível a olho nu. "Eles brilham no escuro e à luz do dia", disse Sarkisyan, acrescentando que a luz parecia ser 10 vezes mais brilhante que a produzida pelo uso de genes bacterianos.
A equipe descobriu que o local da luminescência mudava à medida que as plantas cresciam, e a luminescência geralmente diminuía à medida que as folhas envelheciam e aumentavam onde as folhas eram danificadas. As flores produziram a maior luminescência, relatou a equipe.
Sarkisyan disse que, no futuro, a equipe poderá inserir os genes dos fungos no DNA da planta próximo a genes que são ativados por certos hormônios. "Você deve conseguir ver a luz apenas dos tecidos onde o hormônio está ativo", disse ele.
Gary Foster, professor de patologia molecular de plantas da Universidade de Bristol, que não participou da pesquisa, disse que as plantas brilhantes deveriam ser usadas principalmente por cientistas, em vez de aplicações como nas luzes das ruas feitas por plantas, mas ainda assim são bem-vindas.
“Muitos genes marcadores luminescentes até agora exigiam fontes de luz e/ou câmeras especiais para visualizar a localização da expressão. O sistema relatado aqui facilitará esse processo”, afirmou.
Fonte: www.theguardian.com
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Years of experience: 3. Registered at ProZ.com: Jul 2020.
Adobe Acrobat, Amara, CaptionHub, MateCat, MemSource Cloud, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, Powerpoint, Smartcat, Subtitle Edit, Trados Studio, Wordbee
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Bio
I am Brazilian and have been studying english since 2011. I presented a poster at an international radiochemical congress in 2012. Since 2014 I have been working in a biochemistry laboratory.
Despite the scientific area, I have interest in cinema, literature, games, comic books, tourism and languages.
I have been working with translation since 2020, and this year (2022) I've done two subtitling curses to improve my skills.
Furthermore, I've been providing volunteer translation services for over 6 years - written translation; subtitling and online comic books called webtoon.
Language pairs:
English -> Portuguese (Brazil)
Spanish -> Portuguese (Brazil)
I work with online CAT tools and with SDL Trados Studio for tranlations, and with some subtitling tools.
Keywords: portuguese, english, spanish, science, brazil, software, Microsoft office, chemistry, biochemistry, physics. See more.portuguese, english, spanish, science, brazil, software, Microsoft office, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, medical, film, cinema, translator, tradutor, brasileira, brasil, CAT tools, English to Portuguese translation, tradução inglês português, tradução espanhol português, translation spanish portugues, subtitles, legenda, review, written translation, tradução escrita, transcrição, proofreading, química, bioquímica, física, biologia, médica, área médica, farmacêutica, cinema, filme, séries, comic books, webtoon, jogos, games. See less.
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