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Serbian to English: Tehnički izvještaj General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Construction / Civil Engineering
Source text - Serbian TEHNIČKI IZVJEŠTAJ
1. Uvod
Predmet ove tehničke dokumentacije je izrada glavnog projekta rehabilitacije regionalnog puta R 440 Obodnik - Šiprage.
Projektnim zadatkom je predviđeno da se izvrše sva potrebna terenska istraživanja i ispitivanja kako slojeva kolovozne konstrukcije, tako i posteljice i podtla. Takođe, je zahtijevano da se izvrši ocjena stanja postojeće kolovozne konstrukcije i pratećih objekata i ostalih elemenata puta, i na osnovu svega navedenog prema projektnom zadatku da se uradi glavni projekat rehabilitacije predmetnog puta na osnovu kojeg će se izvršiti ugovaranje i izvođenje predmetnih radova. Predmetna dionica Obodnik - Šiprage je dužine 17.40 km.
Ovim projektom rehabilitacije, dionica se tretira u dvije varijante:
- Varijanta I - Van predviđenog budžeta. Ovom varijantom je obrađeno tehničko rješenje za projektni period od 20 godina, a čiji budžet nije ograničen, i
- Varijanta II - U okviru predviđenog budžeta. Ovom varijantom je obrađeno tehničko rješenje za projektni period od 20 godina, a čiji troškovi ne prelaze definisani budžet za izvođenje radova. Za dionicu regionalnog puta R 440 Obodnik - Šiprage taj budžet iznosi:
1 101 000.00 € = 2 153 368.83 KM (prema kursu: 1€=1.95583 KM).
Translation - English TECHNICAL REPORT
1. Introduction
This technical documentation deals with development of the Main Design for rehabilitation of the regional road R 440 Obodnik-Šiprage.
According to the Terms of Reference, all necessary field investigations and tests should be carried out, both of the pavement layers, and of the subgrade and the subsoil. Also, it was required that the condition of the existing pavement structure and associated structures and other road elements should be assessed, and on the basis of the above and according to the Terms of Reference, the Main Design for rehabilitation of the subject road should be prepared, which will make a basis for contracting and execution of the works. The subject section Obodnik - Šiprage is 17.40 km long.
The rehabilitation design is proposing two options:
- Option I – Exceeding the allocated budget. Subject of this option is technical solution for the design period of 20 years, with no restrictions to the budget, and
- Option II – Within the allocated budget. Subject of this option is the technical solution for the designed period of 20 years, with costs within the allocated budget for execution of works. For the section of the main road R 440 Obodnik - Šiprage the budget amounts to:
1 101 000.00 € = 2 153 368.83 KM (currency exchange rate: 1€=1.95583 KM).
Serbian to English: Dijagnoza stanja General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Construction / Civil Engineering
Source text - Serbian 2.2.8 Dijagnoza uzroka nastalog stanja i izbor kategorije rehabilitacije
(totalna rekonstrukcija)
Na osnovu vizuelnih zapažanja na terenu evidentirana je oštećenost površine kolovoza koja je izražena procentualnim učešćem po cijeloj površini kolovoza. Od oštećenja su evidentirane podužne i poprečne pukotine, udarne rupe, u većoj mjeri mrežaste pukotine, kao i djelimična pojava kolotraga i deformacija kolovoza. Ova oštećenja u velikoj mjeri onemogućavaju bezbjedno odvijanje saobraćaja.
Jedan od glavnih uzroka oštećenja površine asfaltnog kolovoza je uticaj starenja asfaltnih slojeva kao i loš kvalitet izvedenog donjeg nosivog sloja. Na većem dijelu putnog pravca je uočeno neadekvatno održavanje sistema odvodnje puta kao što su začepljeni cjevasti propusti, zapunjeni jarkovi i sl.
Na nekim dijelovima trase su uočena potencijelna klizišta. Ovakva oštećenja kolovoza se vremenom šire i zahvataju veću površinu, te je potrebna njihova sanacija. Na posmatranoj dionici se javlja problem oticanja vode sa kolovoza. Izgradnjom novih rigola se omogućava sprovođenje vode sa kolovozne površine.
Kako je i rečeno, poprečna ravnost na pojedinim dijelovima dionice, na osnovu vizuelnog pregleda, nije zadovoljavajuća, ima određen broj većih neravnina i kolotraga što ukazuje na činjenicu da podloga nije očuvala svoju geometriju i poprečne padove posteljice, pa je potreban poseban tretman na ovim dijelovima, što je obrađeno projektom.
Kvalitet i debljina postojeće kolovozne konstrukcije (asfalta) utvrđeni su vađenjem probnih tijela - kernova i njihovom analizom, a kvalitet materijala donjeg stroja (nasipa i posteljice) geomehaničkim istražnim bušotinama. Istražnim radovima na kolovoznoj konstrukciji utvrđeno je da se debljine izvedenih slojeva asfalta duž predmetne trase puta kreću od 4.2 – 7.6 cm, a debljine tamponskog sloja od 32 do 94 cm.
Dimenzionisanje kolovozne konstrukukcije i način rehabilitacije vršeni su na osnovu potrebnih debljina slojeva za buduće saobraćajno opterećenje i efektivnih debljina postojećih slojeva u kolovoznoj konstrukciji.
Definisanje homogenih dionica i određivanje tipova homogenih dionica
(stanja kolovoza) izvršeno je na osnovu:
- oštećenosti površine kolovoza,
- nosivosti postojeće kolovozne konstrukcije,
- postojeće strukture kolovoza,
- geomehaničkih karakteristika materijala kolovozne konstrukcija.
Translation - English 2.2.8 Identification of causes to current situation and choice of rehabilitation method (total reconstruction)
Having performed visual observations on the field, surface damage was recorded to the pavement, present in certain percent on the entire pavement surface. Defects are found as longitudinal and transverse cracks, potholes, more often mesh cracks, and partially ruts and pavement deformations. These damages greatly impede the safe flow of traffic.
One of the main causes of damage to the surface of the asphalt pavement is poor quality of the base-bearing course, and on some sections it is also aging of the asphalt courses. At certain sections, inadequate maintenance of road drainage system was observed, such as blocked pipe culverts, plugged ditches, etc.
On the part of the route that stretches along the steep slopes, the road formation is on the embankment, where local deformations of pavement are observed, that is, settlement of the pavement. In addition to the deformation of pavement, there are damages in the form of mesh cracks and cracks of the margins of the pavement. Due to large resulting slope of the pavement, there are erosions of pavement marginal strips and shoulders by rainwater.
As previously said, transverse evenness in some parts of the section, based on measurements and visual inspection, is not satisfactory, there is a number of major unevennesses, ruts and lateral displacements indicating that the surface failed to preserve its geometry and cross-sections of the subgrade, so special treatment is necessary in these areas, which is the subject of the design.
The quality and thickness of existing pavement (asphalt) were determined by trial extraction of kerns and their analysis, and the quality of the material substructure (embankments and subgrade) by geo-mechanical investigation boreholes. Having performed investigation works on the pavement, it was found that thickness of layers of asphalt along the pathway ranges from 4.2 – 7.6 cm, and roadbase layer in thickness from 32 to 94 cm.
Dimensioning of the pavement structure, that is necessary reinforcement and rehabilitation method, were conducted on the basis of required thickness of the layers for future traffic load and the effective thickness of the existing layers of the pavement.
Defining homogeneous sections and determination of types of homogeneous sections (pavement condition) was made on the basis of:
- Damage to the pavement surface,
- Bearing capacity of the existing pavement,
- Existing pavement structure,
- Geo-mechanical characteristics of pavement materials.
English to Serbian: Black holes General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Electronics / Elect Eng
Source text - English Black holes and pulsars could reveal extra dimensions
- 21 August 2011
- Magazine issue 2826. Subscribe and save
- For similar stories, visit the Cosmology Topic Guide
MAKING a black hole let go of anything is a tall order. But their grip may slowly weaken if the universe has extra dimensions, something that pulsars could help us to test.
String theory, which attempts to unify all the known forces, calls for extra spatial dimensions beyond the three we experience. Testing the theory has proved difficult, however.
Now John Simonetti of Virginia Tech in Blacksburg and colleagues say black holes orbited by neutron stars called pulsars could do just that - if cosmic surveys can locate such pairings. "The universe contains 'experimental' setups we cannot produce on Earth," he says.
Black holes are predicted to fritter away their mass over time by emitting particles, a phenomenon called Hawking radiation. Without extra dimensions, this process is predicted to be agonisingly slow for run-of-the-mill black holes weighing a few times as much as the sun, making it impossible to measure.
Extra dimensions would give the particles more ways to escape, speeding up the process. This rapid weight loss would loosen a black hole's gravitational grip on any orbiting objects, causing them to spiral outwards by a few metres per year, the team calculates (The Astrophysical Journal, DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/l28).
A pulsar orbiting a black hole could reveal this distancing. That's because the lighthouse-like pulses of radiation they emit would vary slightly depending on the size of the star's orbit.
Translation - Serbian Crne rupe i pulsare mogu biti dodatnih dimenzija
- 21. Avgust 2011
- izdanje magazina 2826. Pretplatite se i uštedite
- Za slične priče, posjetite Cosmology Topic Guide.
Oslobađanje crne rupe od bilo čega može biti težak zadatak. Ali njihov stisak može postepeno slabiti ukoliko svemir ima dodatne dimenzije, nešto u čijem testiranju bi nam pulsare bile od velike pomoći.
Teorija struna, koja pokušava da ujedini sve poznate sile, zahtjeva dodatne prostorne dimenzije izvan one tri koje poznajemo. Međutim, testiranje teorije se pokazalo kao težak zadatak. Sada Džon Simoneti iz Virdžinija Tek-a u Bleksburgu i kolege tvrde da bi crne rupe koje su orbite neutronskih zvijezda, odnosno pulsare, mogle izvesti baš to – ukoliko bi kosmička istraživanja mogla pronaći takve parove. "Svemir sadrži 'eksperimentalna' podešavanja koja ne možemo proizvesti na Zemlji," kaže on.
Crne rupe vremenom troše svoju masu emitujući čestice, što je fenomen pod imenom Hokingova radijacija. Bez dodatnih dimenzija, ovaj proces bi bio očajnički spor za crne rupe koje teže nekoliko puta koliko i samo Sunce, što ih čini nemogućim za izmjeriti.
Dodatne dimenzije bi česticama dale više načina za bijeg, što bi ubrzalo proces. Ovaj ubrzani gubitak težine bi oslabio gravitacijski stisak crne rupe na bilo kojem objektu u orbiti, zbog čega bi oni, prema proračunima tima, išli spiralno prema van za nekoliko metara godišnje (Astrološki dnevnik, DOI: 10.1088/2041-8205/737/2/l28).
Pulsara koja čini orbitu crne rupe bi mogla otkriti ovu distancu. To je zbog toga što bi impulsi radijacije koje ona emituje i koji su poput svjetionika donekle varirali u zavisnosti od veličine orbite zvijezde.
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Years of experience: 11. Registered at ProZ.com: Mar 2016.
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